Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming economic systems, public governance, security, and fundamental rights, yet its rapid, cross-border expansion challenges traditional, state-centred legal frameworks. As AI systems operate through global data flows and transnational platforms, coordinated regulatory responses become increasingly necessary.

This research seminar examines the key risks and challenges of governing AI across jurisdictions, focusing on accountability gaps, regulatory fragmentation, enforcement difficulties, and the uneven protection of rights. It highlights emerging approaches at regional and international levels—such as the EU’s AI Act, soft-law standards, and multilateral initiatives—evaluating their potential and limitations in addressing cross-border risks.

By analysing these trends, the presentation contributes to ongoing debates on how to design effective, inclusive, and adaptable transnational AI governance that promotes innovation while safeguarding legal certainty and the public interest.